Studies have shown that misinformation and disinformation spread more rapidly across social media than any other source.
In this article published in 2018, MIT researchers found that disinformation on Twitter spread “farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly” than facts. They found that false news stories were about 70% more likely to be retweeted than true ones, and that true stories took about six times as long to reach 1,500 people as they do for false stories to reach the same number. The researchers hypothesized that the degree of novelty and the emotional reactions of recipients may be responsible for the differences observed.
Source: Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
In this study published in 2021, Stanford researchers discovered a "woeful inability by high schoolers to detect fake news on the internet" — Less than 0.1% of the 3,446 participants in the study identified a video claiming to show ballot stuffing during primary elections as one actually featuring footage from voter fraud in Russia, and 96% failed to uncover the ties a publisher of purported "factual reports" on climate change to the fossil fuel industry.
Source: Breakstone, J., Smith, M., Wineburg, S., Rapaport, A., Carle, J., Garland, M., & Saavedra, A. (2021). Students’ Civic Online Reasoning: A National Portrait. Educational Researcher, 50(8), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211017495
This chart from the Pew Research Center shows data from the American Trends Panel conducted yearly that studies how Americans prefer to get their news.
As we can see, having access to a vast information environment in our pockets has changed how we prefer to get our news drastically. Knowing that we prefer digital media, where are we getting our news from via the internet?
Notice that 2024 marks the first year that Americans have indicated a preference for getting news through social media vs. a traditional search. News websites still remain the primary source, but the gap is shrinking rapidly.
For more information on the trends within social media related to how we get our news, check out Pew Research Center's Social Media and News Fact Sheet.
Given Social Media's rise in preference, what drives Americans to get their news this way?
Predominantly, convenience and speed topped the list of reasons. However, diving deeper into the research shows us that Americans also don't fully TRUST social media for accuracy. Four-in-ten Americans cited inaccuracy of news on social media as their main reason for disliking it, and when it comes to where most preferred to look for basic facts, in-depth information, and even opinions on news, traditional news outlets still remain the primary source.
Source: Forman-Katz, L. W. and N. (2024, February 7). Many Americans find value in getting news on social media, but concerns about inaccuracy have risen. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/07/many-americans-find-value-in-getting-news-on-social-media-but-concerns-about-inaccuracy-have-risen/